HDFC Bank Limited (NSE: HDFCBANK) Q4 FY23 earnings concall dated Apr. 15, 2023
Corporate Participants:
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Analysts:
Mahrukh Adajania — Nuvama Wealth Management Limited — Analyst
Kunal Shah — Citigroup Inc. — Analyst
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
Saurabh Kumar — JPMorgan Chase & Co. — Analyst
Adarsh Parasrampuria — CLSA Limited — Analyst
Manish Shukla — Axis Capital Limited — Analyst
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
Presentation:
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, good evening, and welcome to HDFC Bank Limited Q4 FY ’23 Earnings Conference Call on the financial results, presented by the management of HDFC Bank. [Operator Instructions] Please note that this conference is being recorded.
I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan, Chief Financial Officer, HDFC Bank. Thank you, and over to you, sir.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay. Thank you, Tanvi. Good evening, and a warm welcome to all the participants.
Let’s look at the key macro indicators observed during the quarter before we get to the details on the earnings. Various indicators suggest economic activity was holding up well in Q4. GST collections continue to be robust. March ’23 recorded 13% growth year-on-year. Full year 2023 GST collections recorded a growth of 21%. Manufacturing PMI at 56.4% has remained in the expansionary zone since July ’21. Services activity is holding up well. Services PMI at 57.8% continues to remain strong. Healthy trend in government capital spending augurs well. Q4 ’23 year-on-year growth of 18% and full year government capital spending growth of 22.8% bodes well. Payment system indicate business activity continues to be robust with 15% growth in RTGS/NEFT transactions value and a 51% growth in UPI payments.
On the consumption side, consumers are moving towards higher value products, driven by changes in technology and regulations. We have seen customer preferences towards SUV, MPV type of segment and higher capacity two-wheelers. Two-wheeler and passenger vehicles witnessed continued improvement.
During the quarter, our retail card issuing spends also showed robust growth of 31% year-on-year. Rabi crops sowing is progressing well with approximately 3.3% improvement to last year’s level. IMD is forecasting normal monsoon this year, which also bodes well for the semi-urban and rural activity.
Global financial market volatility could weigh in on domestic growth. Going forward, there are risks stemming from possibility of global slowdown, continued geopolitical tensions and any further deepening of foreign banking crisis. We estimate India’s GDP growth at 6.8% in financial year ’23 and expect it to be over 6% in financial year ’24.
Let’s go through certain key themes. On the distribution expansion, we added 638 branches during the quarter, taking the total branch addition in financial year ’23 to 1,479. The total branch network of the bank stands at 7,821. On the payment acceptance points, the bank has 3.9 million, year-on-year growth of 30% as adoption of Vyapar App builds momentum. We’ve witnessed upwards of 75,000 new additions per month during this year. Wealth management is offered in over 923 locations through a hub-and-spoke model. We’ve expanded by 232 locations in the quarter. In CRB, our SME businesses are present in more than 90% of the districts. Rural business expanded to 1.65 lakh villages and is on track to reach the objective of over 2 lakh villages. Gold loan processing is now offered in 4,182 branches, a threefold increase over March ’22.
In the customer franchise building, we acquired 2.6 million new customer liability relationships during the quarter and 10.6 million relationships in the year. With over 83 million customers, we will continue to engage and thereby enabling us to broad base and deepen our relationships. In order to position us for this customer engagement, we have added 31,600 people over the year and 6,300 during the quarter. On cards, we have issued 1.4 million cards during the quarter. The total card space is now 18 million.
On the website, our website traffic during the quarter received an average of 132 million visits per month with over 106 million unique visitors over the quarter and year-on-year growth of around 74%.
Our focus on granular deposits continues with total deposits amounting to INR18.8 lakh crore, an increase of 20.8% over prior year and 8.7% over prior quarter. During the quarter, we added deposits of INR150,000 crores. Retail constitutes about 83% of total deposits and has been the anchor of our deposit growth. Retail deposits grew 23% year-on-year and 7% sequentially. During the quarter, we added retail deposits of INR107,000 crores. Wholesale deposits constitutes 17% of total deposits as of March ’23. These grew 10% year-on-year and 15% sequentially. Term deposit registered a robust growth of 30% year-on-year, ending the quarter at INR10.5 lakh crores. Savings deposits recorded a growth of 10% year-on-year and 5% sequentially, ending at INR5.6 lakh crores. Current account deposits grew 14% year-on-year, ending at INR2.7 lakh crores. Overall, CASA deposits grew 11% year-on-year, ending at INR8.4 lakh crores, resulting in a CASA ratio of 44%. Retail CASA deposits grew by 13% year-on-year.
On the advances side, advances at INR16.1 lakh crores grew by INR16.9% over prior year and 6% sequentially. This is an addition of approximately INR94,000 crores during the quarter and INR234,000 crores in the year. Gross of IBPC advances grew by 21% year-on-year and 6% quarter-on-quarter. Incremental credit-to-deposit ratio was at 62% for the quarter. CD ratio as of March end stood at 85%. Our retail advances growth was robust. Domestic retail advances grew 20.8% year-on-year and 5% sequentially, primarily driven by strong performance in personal loans and home loans.
In the CRB, which drives our MSME and PSL book continued its momentum with a year-on-year growth of 29.8% and quarter-on-quarter growth of 9.7%. Wholesale segment grew 12.6% year-on-year and sequentially 4.5%, primarily driven by demand from NBFCs, telecom, PSUs and retail sectors.
On the technology update, launches PayZapp 2.0, which was rebuilt from ground-up is available to public at large. SmartHub Vyapar continued to add new features to our one-stop merchant solutions app. The app has garnered tremendous growth with threefold increase in active users and more than threefold in merchant transactions value. As of March end, over 1.5 million small businesses are on this SmartHub platform. Express car loans is an end-to-end digital lending journey platform, facilitating instant and hassle-free car disposals — car loan disposals to existing as well as new to bank customers has been witnessing tremendous response from customers. Express car loan volume now contributes 20% of our new car loan volume. We are focused on investments in expanding our distribution network combined with our focused digital offering and relationship management, it continues to — which continues to fuel growth.
Balance sheet remains resilient. LCR for the quarter was at 116%, capital adequacy ratio is at 19.3% with CET1 ratio at 16.4%.
Let’s start with revenues. Net revenues for the quarter were at INR32,000 crore, grew by 21% over prior year, driven by gross advances growth of 21% and deposits growth of 20.8%. And net revenues for the year ended March 31, 2023, were at INR118,000 crore, grew by 16.3% over prior year. Net interest income for the quarter at INR23,352 crores, which is at — which is 73% of net revenues, grew by 23.7% over prior year. The core net interest margin for the quarter was at 4.1% versus prior year of 4%. Prior quarter was also at 4.1%. Full year core net interest margin was at 4.1%. On interest earning asset basis, the core net interest margin for the quarter was at 4.3%, again at similar levels to prior quarter. Full year core net interest margin based on interest earning assets was at 4.3%.
Getting to the details of other income. Total other income at INR8,731 crores was up 14.3% versus prior year. Fees and commission income constituting about three-fourths of the other income was at INR6,628 crore and grew by 17.7% over prior year and 9.5% over prior quarter. Retail constitutes approximately 94% of the fees. FX and derivatives income at slightly above INR1,000 crores was higher by 25.6% compared to prior year of INR804 crores. Net trading and mark-to-market income were a negative INR38 crores for the quarter. Prior quarter was a gain of INR261 crores and prior year was a gain of INR48 crores. Other miscellaneous income of INR1,130 crores includes recoveries from written off accounts and dividends from subsidiaries. Excluding net trading and mark-to-market income, total other income at INR8,769 crores, grew by 15.5% over prior year.
Operating expenses for the quarter were at INR13,462 crore, an increase of 32.6% over prior year. Operating expenses for the year ended March ’23 were at INR47,652 crores, an increase of 27% over prior year. In this context, it’s pertinent to note that we added 1,479 branches and 1,597 ATMs since last year. Cost-to-income ratio for the quarter was at 42% and for the full financial year was at 40.4%.
Moving on to PPOP, for the quarter, grew by 13.8% and our pre-provision operating profit was at INR18,621 crores. Pre-provision operating profit for the quarter is 6.93 times of total provisions in the quarter.
Coming to the asset quality, the GNPA ratio was at 1.12% as compared to 1.23% in the prior quarter and 1.17% prior year. Out of the 1.12%, about 14 basis points are standard. Thus, the core GNPA ratio is at 0.98%. However, these are included by us as NPA — as one of the other facilities of the borrower is an NPA. Net NPA ratio was at 0.27%. Prior quarter was at 0.33% and prior year was at 0.32%. The slippage ratio for the current quarter is at 28 basis points or about INR4,900 crores. During the quarter, recoveries and upgrades were INR3,300 crores, or approximately 22 basis points. Write-offs in the quarter were INR2,400 crore, or approximately 17 basis points. No sale of NPA accounts during the quarter. The restructuring under the RBI resolution framework for COVID-19 as of March end stands at 31 basis points or INR5,000 crores. In addition, certain facilities of the same borrower, which are not restructured is approximately 6 basis points, INR970 crores, thus [Phonetic] totals to 37 basis points. The COVID restructuring in the prior quarter was at 50 basis points.
On the provisions, reported were around INR2,700 crores as against INR2,800 crores during the prior quarter and INR3,300 crores in the prior year. The total provisions in the current quarter included the build in contingent provision of approximately INR300 crores, the provision coverage ratio was at 76%. At the end of current quarter, contingent provisions and floating provisions were approximately INR11,150 crores, contingent provisions at INR9,700 crores and floating provisions at INR1,450 crores. General provisions were at INR7,000 crores. Total provisions comprising specific floating contingent and general were about 176% of the gross non-performing loans. This is in addition to the security held as collateral in several of the cases. Floating, contingent and general provisions were 1.12% of gross advances as of March quarter.
Now, coming to credit cost ratios, the total annualized credit cost ratio for the quarter was at 0.67%, prior quarter was at 0.74% and prior year was at 0.96%. The total credit cost for the full year was at 0.74%. Recoveries, which are recorded as miscellaneous income, amount to 23 basis points of gross advances for the quarter against 21 basis points prior quarter and 26 basis points prior year. The total credit cost ratio, net of recoveries, was at 44 basis points in the current quarter as compared to 52 basis points in the prior quarter and 70 basis points prior year. The total credit cost ratio, net of recoveries, for the full year was at 53 basis points. The profit before tax was at INR15,936 crores, grew by 22% over prior year. Net profit after tax for the quarter at INR12,047 crores grew by 19.8% over prior year. Net profit for the year ended March ’23 was INR44,109 crores, up 19.3% over prior year.
Now, some highlights on HDBFS, this is on Ind AS basis. HDBFS has continued to augment its distribution network and opened 71 branches in the quarter, taking it to 1,492 branches spread across 1,054 cities and towns. Customer franchise grew to 11.9 million customers, adding 2.8 million over last year. The momentum in disbursements continued across all three business segments during the quarter, registering in a healthy growth of 53% year-on-year and 20% sequentially. The total loan book as of March end stood at INR70,000 crores, registering 14% year-on-year and 7.6% sequentially. Net interest income for the quarter ended March ’23 was at INR1,424 crores, a growth of 6.6% quarter-on-quarter. Provisions and contingencies for the quarter were at INR268 crores against INR313 crores for the prior quarter and INR422 crores for the quarter ended March ’22. Credit cost for the quarter were at 1.6% as against 2.78% for last year March quarter and 1.95% for the December ’22 quarter.
Stage 3 as of March end continues to improve and stood at 2.73% against 3.73% as of December end. Provision coverage ratio on stage 3 book increased to 65%. The provision coverage ratio on secured and unsecured book stood at 62% and 96%, respectively.
Profit after tax for the quarter ended March ’23 was INR545 crores, a growth of 27.7% year-on-year. Profit after tax for the year ended — full year ended March ’23 was at INR1,959 crores compared to INR1,011 crores in the previous year, a growth of 93%. Annualized ROA and ROE for the quarter ended March ’23 stood at 3.25% and 19.5%, respectively. For the year ended — for the full year ended March ’23, ROA and ROE stood at 3.07% and 18.7%, respectively. Earnings per share for the quarter was INR6.89 and book value per share was at INR144.5 in the subsidiary HDBFS. HDBFS remains well capitalized with the total capital adequacy ratio at 20.05% and continues to step up disbursements, leveraging strong distribution spread across 1,492 branches.
Now a few on HSL. HSL has a network of 209 branches spread across 147 cities and towns. HSL increased its customer base to 4.5 million as of March end. HSL’s digital offering continued to enjoy a good traction in the market, and during the quarter, around 94% of active clients utilized the services offered through company’s digital platforms. For the quarter March ’23, HSL’s total revenue were at INR486 crores against INR510 crores for last year same quarter. Profit after tax was at INR194 crores against INR236 crores for the same quarter last year. Net profit for the year ended March ’23 was at INR777 crores against INR984 crores for last year. Earnings per share in the quarter was INR121.95 and book value per share was at INR1,131.
In summary, our results reflect robustness across various parameters, driven diligently and passionately by our people, resulting in continued momentum in deposit growth of 21%, and within that, the retail deposit growth, which grew at 23%, gross advances growth of 21% and net advances growth of 17%, operating profit grew by 13.8%, profit after tax increased by 19.8% for the quarter and 19.3% for the year. Profit after tax, on a consolidated basis, increased by 20.6% for the quarter and 20.9% for the full year, delivering the return on asset in the quarter of about 2.2% and return on equity of about 18%. Earnings per share reported in the quarter is at INR21.6 at the stand-alone bank level and INR22.6 at the consolidated bank level. Book value per share on a stand-alone bank is at INR502 and at a consolidated bank it is at INR519.
The bank’s Board has recommended a dividend of INR19 per equity share, subject to shareholders’ approval.
Now, with that, may I request the operator to open up the line for questions, please.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you very much. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] The first question is from the line of Mahrukh Adajania from Nuvama. Please go ahead.
Mahrukh Adajania — Nuvama Wealth Management Limited — Analyst
Yeah. Hi. Srini, my first question is on deposit growth. Two to three quarters ago, you had laid down a good road map on your quarterly deposit mobilization and you overachieved that in the fourth quarter. So, how do we view deposit mobilization in the next three to four quarters? If you could give us some similar road map? That’s my first question.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay. Let me finish that and then you come back again. Deposit, if you see, the quarter had a growth of INR150,000 crores, but the more important thing is to look at the retail growth, right, INR107,000 crores is the retail growth. And it had a very good mix of time deposits and savings account and current account within that retail mix, right? So that is what you determine as a core growth. The rest can be transient, up and down can happen, but it is in track, it’s in line with what we had been planning for and what we had been driving to for the quarter. So, I just wanted to make it clear that it’s not about the INR150,000 crores for you to keep in your mind, but it is more that INR107,000 crores retail, which is the core part of what the growth is.
And if you — from there if you take it to, say, how one should think about it, yes, that’s part of the execution and the teams are geared up to continue to execute the strategy of getting one. The new customer onboarded 2.6 million in this quarter, a little more than 10.5 million in this year, so that’s part of the — the growth model is to bring in the new customers. The new branches are for the future, right? I don’t want to talk that the new branches are bringing in today’s deposit, but that’s for the future to have the sustainability of that growth over a period of time. So, it is about new customers, it is about working with the existing customers with the greater engagement, which you see that the time deposit growth of about 30%. Again, that is coming through the engagement, that’s where that is getting delivered to. I would say that we are on track to keep building upon these.
Mahrukh Adajania — Nuvama Wealth Management Limited — Analyst
Okay. And just in terms of — was there any interest on tax refund during the quarter?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
No, no, nothing of any significance.
Mahrukh Adajania — Nuvama Wealth Management Limited — Analyst
Okay. Thanks a lot. I’ll come back. Thanks.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
No, if you have anything, you go ahead now.
Mahrukh Adajania — Nuvama Wealth Management Limited — Analyst
Yes. So, my other question was just on CV. So, if you look at your commercial transportation, the growth obviously in this quarter has been very strong, it’s almost 11% on a sequential basis and it has been very strong even in the last few quarters, probably stronger than industry levels as well. So, what kind of drives it and how do you think about it going ahead?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
It is an important segment for us, right? One, the entire commercial and rural banking, that includes the CTG is an important element of how we drive this. And this is more — we operate in the segment, which is slightly above where our subsidiary operates. And it is an important focus both from a LCV or ULCV and across various kind of a size segment, that is also important to us. We are also focused on making a holistic kind of a product offering, which is not just lending for financing these vehicles, it is also about getting working capital financing for them. So, we’re making certain new initiatives there to get the holistic relationship, so that the logistics ecosystem as we call it, which you’ve heard from Rahul Shukla over the past one or two quarters, that is getting initiated to execute. It’s an important and it’s a big growth segment for us and it’s a priority sector.
Mahrukh Adajania — Nuvama Wealth Management Limited — Analyst
Okay. Thanks a lot. Thanks.
Operator
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Kunal Shah from Citi India. Please go ahead.
Kunal Shah — Citigroup Inc. — Analyst
Yeah. Hi, Srini. So, firstly, the question on operating cost, so that has seen a significant rise in this quarter both on a year-on-year basis and on a quarter-on-quarter. So, any one-offs in the employee cost, like say, the ESOP or RSUs what you highlighted in the last quarter as well? And what should be the trend which we should look at it, maybe for say FY ’24 in terms of cost-to-income, as well as cost to assets?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Kunal, thanks for that. Expenses, yes, just to touch upon, you touched upon the ESOPs and RSUs, yes, that will continue. And that in the prior quarter, it was not a full quarter impact of the ESOPs and RSUs, because that went out later in October or November. So, part and then now you had a full quarter impact of that, but it’s not a one-timer, that’s an ongoing. That’s one.
Two, the branches, right? We opened 600-odd branches last quarter towards the end, that comes in, and then even this quarter we have opened up a little more than 600 branches. So that’s also an ongoing impact that comes in. And the way you think about the cost is, which we have in the past said, as you build the retail or you build the retail deposit franchise and you start to get back into the higher proportion of the retail asset franchise, there will be upfront cost that comes, which is what you have seen, right? The cost-to-income for the full year at 40.4%, or currently 42%. If you go back in line, that’s kind of — in ’19, for example, it was close to 40%, the cost-to-income was 40%. And we had mentioned that our cost-to-income will go past 40%, 41%, and a quarter or two can touch 42%, we’ll operate at that level. And if we operate that level, there is an opportunity why — what presents to us this opportunity is from the benign credit environment.
So, if you look at the credit, 10 basis points of a better credit, when that opportunity is taken and invested in expenses, that is about 1.5% to cost-to-income. That’s about 1.5%. And so, if you think about it, we do see that the credit cost benign conditions now and in some time to come. And so, we — our goal is to get this maturity, both on the branches and the productivity curve up on the people that we have added 31,000 people over the year and 6,600 people in the quarter, to get them up the curve and be productive. And as things normalize, the revenues starts to come in, right, that’s the ramp-up on the volumes that we’re trying to do to get that in, so that it pays through the revenue and the credit as the maturity of the new cohorts come in and get to be — the new cohorts get to mature state, credit cost normalizes to pre-COVID levels, not to the COVID levels to pre-COVID levels, so you get to a stable return on asset, right? You continue to operate in that 1.9% to 2.1% type of a range on return on asset, but we took this opportunity on the credit to invest in the expenses. So, that’s how we will think about that.
Kunal Shah — Citigroup Inc. — Analyst
Sure. And this ESOP expenses, so what would be the quantum for the full quarter?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
The full quarter, the ESOP and RSU is close to INR400,000 — INR400 crores or close to INR300 crores.
Kunal Shah — Citigroup Inc. — Analyst
Okay. Okay. And secondly, with respect to the deposit growth, so was it more skewed towards the last fortnight significant part of it or have we seen the impact of it in terms of the — maybe the overall cost of deposits? So, obviously, it will not play out in this 4Q, but over a period with this kind of a deposit traction, what would be maybe overall the margin trajectory, maybe because we have not seen an improvement over the past 3 quarters? So should it sustain or we see some kind of protection [Phonetic] of margins going forward?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay. Yeah. Two aspects to it. One, the deposits as such, right? Yes, let’s see, to the extent that there are some wholesale deposits, they will be chunky and they will come and go depending on how the wholesale business deals with their balance sheet, right? So that’s part of one that happens. But the core retail is something that is what I alluded to in the prior question, that is what we drive to. The rest tries to come and fill in and go.
The next aspect of it that you asked about, how to think about margin, right? Our margin operates in a very narrow band, right, and it’s a narrow band, because the modified duration of the book, call it, about 1.2 years, 1.3 years, thereabout, and the — within a reasonable lead and lag effect, which can have 10 basis points to 20 basis points at any time or 10 basis points to15 basis points at any time, it can move up or down. But, right now, you are seeing some lead effect, right? The cost of funds will come [Indecipherable] already in this quarter, the cost of funds has moved up, I think, we put up a chart to show sequentially both the yield movement, as well as the cost of funds movement is up [Technical Issues]
Operator
This is the operator here. Please hold while we reconnect the management line. It seems to be disconnected. We have the management line reconnected. Sir, you may proceed now.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Okay. Sorry, Kunal. I don’t know where I dropped off, but I was talking about the margin as such. Yeah. There is a lead effect that happens when the asset pricing starts to move in front and the cost of funds on the deposits starts to lag. There is some lag, right, on that one, but still our margin, as we said, operates in the range of 3.94% to 4.3%, 4.4%. Given the mix still of the wholesale mix, which is still pretty high in the book at 53%, 54% wholesale mix, we are at the lower end of that range. But whether 5 basis points, 10 basis points any quarter can move up or down, it can happen, right, 5 basis points, 10 basis points is nothing, it can change, and it’s essentially effect of the lead of the lag that can happen there.
Kunal Shah — Citigroup Inc. — Analyst
Sure. So, this 13 bps kind of an expansion in deposit cost, I think that should accelerate in 1Q in terms of the increase of the incremental delta which can be there?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Now, if you ask me whether all of the deposit increase that is already fully come in, I would say, no, not yet, right, it will come. Not because we are changing any rates in isolation, no. It is simply a function of — as the book starts to reprice the lag effect, it comes in, but still from a margin — similarly, we price the loans too, right, some fixed rate loans go out and we bring a new fixed rate loans at new rates. And so, it’s a continuous effect, 5 basis points, 10 basis points always possible. But we have been very stable in that range of 4%, 4.1% for some time.
Kunal Shah — Citigroup Inc. — Analyst
Okay. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you, and all the best.
Operator
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Hardik Shah from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
Yeah. Srini, this is Rahul here. Can you hear me?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Yes, Rahul. Yes.
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
Yeah. Hi. Good evening, and thanks for the commentary and good numbers. Just had two, three questions. Going back to the previous question on margins. So just thinking through about the repricing of the floating book and the new fixed book that you have onboarded, let’s say, in the last six, nine months, in the time the rate cycle started. So when do we see the full benefit of that play out? So, floating book could be getting repriced pretty much as we speak, but the new fixed rate book that you onboarded that when does that start to show up in the yields number? And when is that inflection point now that the RBI has kind of paused the rates? So, how much more repricing benefit we can get is actually my question?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. No, you can get a more — see, the fixed rate book, call it, two, three years, it runs, right? The fixed rate book runs two, three years and that’s, call it, 43% — 44% of the book, 45% of the book round number, that’s the fixed rate. And it has started, and it will continue for some time. But, at the same time, the cost of funds will also come in and catch up. So, if you look at our margin as such, what is the rate play in the margin is minimal, rate play in the margin. That’s why I talked about the modified duration, 1.2 years, 1.3 years. That keeps that in a very narrow band and only some lead lag effect comes in.
What is more from a margin point of view is the structural change in the composition of the book, where the wholesale book, which 46% — it was 45%, 46% before COVID, went all the way to 55% and now it’s like 53%, 54%, and as that starts to wear off and come down in the retail, which is accelerating right now, all the investments that we’re doing, retail that is accelerating, as that starts to come, you will see the structural thing can come up. And when that comes up, the credit cost also comes to normalize, right? If you go back — when the margin is 4.3%, the credit cost is 100 basis points, 110 basis points, right? So, what you get on the margin, you pay to some extent on the credit cost, right? But that is why if you look at the return on asset, that remains at that stable level of 2%, 2.1%.
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
Understood. So, okay, fair enough. The second question was actually on the cost-to-income. So, given that next year credit growth maybe slower than what we had last year, but we will still be making the investments that we’ve talked about. So do we have another year before it peaks out or 42% is where you would call it out as a peak cost-to-income?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
No, I won’t say that we have peaked out, but over a period of year, if you say, maybe, that’s the kind of level we’d like to run, but quarter-to-quarter can go up and down a bit, right, it can. That’s why even in this quarter, I have been saying that if you look at only one quarter, up, down possible. Depends on what’s out there, what we have done both from a volume booking point of view or any of the marketing activity point of view or the card spend activity point of view, whatever we do, that can keep going up or down. But largely, as the lapping, we started the branch in March ’22, right? Right now, one has gone by and then the second year has gone by. So, if you look at 15 months, in 15 months, we have added 2,000-odd branches we have added, right? So, another four quarters to five quarters things should lap itself. From a comparison point of view, it should lap. Then after that it would be almost 18 months to 24 months for the revenues to start coming in to support that cost. And as I told to the other — on the other question, the credit cohort starts to mature and you’ll see some credit cost also coming to normalize.
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
That’s helpful. Just two more small questions. This credit card on book balances, the growth has been — appears to be quite tepid. What could be the reason behind it? I understand revolves may not be improving, but can you just throw some more light, the EMI book growth within the card space or the revolves, how are they behaving?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. See, it is also — normally, I think, from a quarter point of view, the fourth quarter is normally lower coming off a big festival type of a spend in the December quarter, the paydowns happen, that’s one. Number two, yes, you already alluded to, the revolvers or the revolving balances, we don’t see it going up yet, not yet, we don’t see that up. Three, we also measure the funding that the card customers provide, right, and the card customers provide funding, which is more than 5 times the card balances, the card ANR that we carry. So enormous liquidity, enormous funding, deposit funding is kept by those customers with us. So, naturally, paydowns are happening. So the spend is quite robust, right, 30-odd percent growth in spend.
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
Yeah. But the profitability may be substantially lower than what you’ve earned in the past, because the interest yielding balances have structurally come down, so that’s the thing [Phonetic] from that standpoint. Srini, just one last question…
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
No, I don’t want to leave that question, or I’ll leave that comment open on profitability. See, the profitability, again, one has to look at it over a cycle on profitability. And two, certainly not quarter-on-quarter on profitability. Number two, always there are levers that get operated on. That means, what is it that you earn and what is it that you can spend, that is something that we always constantly look at to match. And what are those levers? You’ve seen some of those levers on the spend side, right, where the revenue is somewhat lower, because of lower revolver or other thing, then you spend appropriately on the other side, on the expense side. But there are still — at this time, when the spend is going up, we do want to encourage and we do think that the revolver will come. And while it has not yet come, we are putting those investments out there in various programs, card programs.
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
The last question rather just want some comments from you. This — RBI allowed this pay later or pre-approved credit line on UPI. We understand you already have the product on your website. We saw that. Can you just throw some light as to what is the incremental thing that RBI has done? And since you have already been running this product, how many customers you have? And do you see this as being a large product proposition that can be in the future?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
See, the product always was there. I think now that EMI type is something that is also coming in. It’s too early to say whether this particular UPI channel is going to be a big driver into that, but we already have various other channels, our branch channels, our VRM channels and our direct marketing channels that trigger this quite a lot for us. And so, we will have to see whether what the UPI channel does. But then, keep in mind, the UPI channels, the ticket sizes are small. I think, as an industry, the ticket sizes are in like three-digit rupees. We have it at least 10 times more the industry average on a ticket size, but still, at that size, we can’t see it. We’ll have to wait and see how that works.
Rahul Jain — Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. — Analyst
Thank you, Srini. Thank you for being so generous and patiently answering all the questions. Thank you so much.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Thank you. Rahul. Yeah.
Operator
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Saurabh Kumar from JPMorgan Chase & Co. Please go ahead. Please go ahead.
Saurabh Kumar — JPMorgan Chase & Co. — Analyst
Hi. Good evening, Srini. Sir, just two questions. One is on this other assets, the growth rate in the other asset is very high. So is this — will this be due to the RIDF shortfalls?
And the second is, now that we’re coming closer to the merger, so HDFC Bank stand-alone CD incrementals will be obviously very good. But on a pro forma basis, it still near that — maybe near that 100, 800 [Phonetic]. So, from a growth perspective, will you look at like LCR? And will there be like a target under which you can get the LDR below 100%? Thank you, sir.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay, yeah. Couple of things. You asked about other assets. Other asset has got, I think, INR135,000 crores to INR145,000 crores or something movement in a quarter, slightly INR10,000 crores or something. So, it will be part RIDF and part various other things that go through it. And similarly, I would urge you to look at other liabilities, too, which also has moved from INR85,000 crores to INR95,000 crores, I think, that also has moved up by about INR10,000 crores. So, there are several things that go into that. But over a period of a year, if that’s what you’re thinking about, yes, there is a component of RIDF, which is part of that, which has moved up, call it, INR40,000-odd crores is RIDF, which is there. And that’s part of our — what we have laid out our strategy is to — we always optimize between various components of what is available in the market on PSL and this is one of the things that is available and we tap into that too.
The second aspect that you asked about the CD ratio, I guess, right, on a pro forma, how would you think about? The way you think about the CD ratio is that, day one, whatever happens is inevitable, right? So, when you add A plus B, it shakes out to whatever the CD ratio comes out to. But from then on how you look at it is, what is the incremental CD ratio, right? And to the extent that the incremental CD ratio operates in a range, which is below the bank’s current range, that’s where we go and catch up and bring it to the current level where we are. So that’s how we are thinking about it. Day one is inevitable, but over a period of time, as the maturity profile of the book in HDFC Limited, their borrowing matures, we replace with deposits, we get to a better place over a period of, call it, to three to five years.
Saurabh Kumar — JPMorgan Chase & Co. — Analyst
Very clear, Srini. Would you have the pro forma LCR, or will that come after HDFC reports?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Not yet. We’ll have it in due course of time as we progress more towards the effective date.
Saurabh Kumar — JPMorgan Chase & Co. — Analyst
Okay. Thanks, sir.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Adarsh Parasrampuria from CLSA Limited. Please go ahead.
Adarsh Parasrampuria — CLSA Limited — Analyst
Yeah. Hi, Srini and team. Thanks for the question. Question is again on opex. We’ve delved into the branch and distribution expansion. But somehow if you just track the overheads per branch or the employee cost per employee, that’s also going up, right, even adjusting for the distribution increase. So just wanted to have a handle on that because usually I would think that as you add the incremental branch, they cost lesser, the foot solider that you’re adding is cheaper than the average costs. So just wanted to understand that the — why the cost increases are materially above the distribution expansion that we’re seeing?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
So, one is, it is important that we are making investments in branches, as well as people, right, the 31,000 people or the 6,600 sequentially that also adds to the cost, it is there. And the productivity of all of these comes in, then you see that in the revenue and then that evens out, right? You have to wait. But if you look at the branch productivity itself, look at the deposit per branch, it is up, right, to INR250,000 crores, INR260,000 crores per branch, that productivity is also up. So, it’s not just about whether the cost per branch is up, or — it will be up, because if the inflation in the country is operating at the rate of 6% to 8% or the pay increases are happening at that kind of level, the cost will go up, but it’s a question of getting that productivity driven up to pay for it through the volumes and revenues.
Adarsh Parasrampuria — CLSA Limited — Analyst
Got it, Srini. Okay. And will this continue? Now, I think, the pressures of inflation and attrition is a little lower. So would you expect that pressure to be lower, because then you probably have an opex growth, which more mirrors the distribution and the employee expansion rather than being a high number in that?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
It’s too early whether the — what effect on the inflation comes through into the expense, it’s too early on that one. But, again, I will tell you to look at from a cost-to-income point of view that it moves in that range of 42% something. And then as we progress over four quarters, six quarters, it starts to keep coming down. And I think, among various things, while we don’t talk forward-looking in any of those aspects, but from a cost point of view, we have said that over a period of time we should get back to the mid-30s as the productivity starts to come in.
Adarsh Parasrampuria — CLSA Limited — Analyst
Got it. And, Srini, my last question is on the PSL part, right? We did have some shortfalls, the RIDF book went up. If you can — obviously, there was a question on other assets as well. So, if you can call out the RIDF book, where it was, where it ended? And given how you’ve achieved PSL now, would you expect that the increase in RIDF will moderate, will stop, if you could just indicate directionally where we’re headed and what was the status of PSL compliances by the end of the year?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay. Adarsh, if you think about whether where will RIDF go or something, see, this is a dynamic equation that one solves, right, because that is how you optimize it. The goal number one is to go organically build and distribution reach that we are going after, I alluded to our CRB business in more than 90% of the districts and at 1.65 lakh villages wanting to go to more than 2 lakh villages, they’re all in the direction of how we organically grow. That’s the number one from a prioritization point of view. Do it yourself, it gives you better returns, you manage that on a sustainable basis. Then everything else is a filler depending on what is available, and you optimize that through whatever is the least cost. And all of them are in play from PSLC to RIDF to IBB — IBPC to all of them are in play in terms of how we manage that.
Adarsh Parasrampuria — CLSA Limited — Analyst
I need actual data around how your PSL stacked up and what your RIDF book was last year and now, only the actual numbers?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I think, it will — I just checked with the team, I think it will eventually gets published in course of time. Yeah.
Adarsh Parasrampuria — CLSA Limited — Analyst
Got it, Srini.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
We will get access to it and the team will publish that, it’s coming, yeah.
Adarsh Parasrampuria — CLSA Limited — Analyst
Perfect. This is helpful, Srini. Thanks a lot to your answers.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Thank you. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Manish Shukla from Axis Capital. Please go ahead.
Manish Shukla — Axis Capital Limited — Analyst
Yeah. Good evening, and thank you for the opportunity. So, for FY ’24, would you broadly expect similar branch and employee additions as FY ’23?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
FY ’24, the branch addition we expect to — at this moment, we expect to continue the speed at which — not necessarily every quarter evenly, but the speed at which we have done over the last 15 months to 18 months, we will continue. We do this — we take stock of this every quarter to see, one, availability and the market potential, identification of the market, where we need with the potential, that’s one exercise that we do. And the second exercise we do is that, look back to see the performance of what we have already done and how that is progressing on the curve, right? But, yes, as of now, the approach is to continue with that, but subject to evaluation every quarter in terms of the trajectory that we are continuing is indeed the trajectory that is yielding those results that we have planned for.
Manish Shukla — Axis Capital Limited — Analyst
Sure. Recently you had cut some of your short-term MCLR rates, could you explain what is the trigger for that?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
See, the way, the methodology how we apply tenor premium is something that we modified or we got that to a place, right? And it’s in the front end and we don’t have much volumes in that end. And that’s part of what — this is not something that captures big volume from an overall sense point of view. One other thing is that, MCLR loans, the floating rate MCLR loans is 6% of our total book and very little into the front-end bucket there.
Manish Shukla — Axis Capital Limited — Analyst
Sorry, you said 6%?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
6% is the floating rate MCLR book. But in the front-end, where you alluded to, very little less there.
Manish Shukla — Axis Capital Limited — Analyst
Understood. Just going back to the deposits part, right? So as you rightly mentioned, the newer branches would probably have not contributed as much. So just trying to understand what is driving these numbers? Because you’re obviously not paying the highest rate in the market. Everybody is chasing deposits and yet your numbers are meaningfully ahead of all your peers in terms of absolute deposit mobilization. So just trying to understand what is it that you are doing — you have done differently this year, which is driving these kind of growth for you?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay. See, there are a few things, right? I can talk two, three things, I will mention, several things, but, I guess, we will continue and we have mentioned this in the past, so you’ll recollect. One is, you need to leverage the branch network and the brand to bring in new customers. Let me give you that, in 2018, we got 3 million customers in liability relationships; in ’19, 4 million; ’20, 6 million; ’21, 7 million; ’22, 8.5 million; ’23, 10.5 million. So, you need to bring in new customers and that is what we have done to ramp up. So, when you bring in new customers, like the way the branch maturity, it’s connected similar to the branch maturity. The customer maturity also takes about 24 months, right? So, if we need to harvest the potential of the customer to be the primary banking and get the balances, I cannot bring the customer today and get the balances today, I will — when I bring the customer today, we get some balances today, it is about getting that potential of the customer we got in two years ago, three years ago to do the work now, right? Our RMs engagement to get that now. So, that’s one. Customer is important. And I give you an idea of the ramp up on the customers that we have done and we continue to do that to keep that pipeline open and running. That’s one on the customers.
Two, from an execution mindset and our RMs focus, we did that sometime March, April last year in ’22, where we said, we want to amend our scorecard to ensure have an element of a time deposit pass [Phonetic] with a 14% penetration in our base for time deposit, we said it is a low penetration. We have enormous room to go for it and we don’t need to pay for it, right? In fact, if anything, we are slightly — we are at or slightly below certain other players on this. And if you look at the time deposit growth in the recent quarters, I think, it gave about 30% or so as growth in the time deposit, the growth that we’ve had.
And let me tell you another way to even think about it and that’s how the front line is driving it, right? It’s about, call it, from 7,000-odd branches and, call it, maybe 50 deposits, such deposits a month at a ticket size INR4 lakhs, INR5 lakhs type of granular time deposit, right, 50 such deposits, 7,000-odd branches, INR4 lakhs, INR5 lakhs, you get per customer, then that’s the kind of a drive — and then you’ve got all the RMs that we are having and the salespeople we are having in the branches to go get that engagement. So, it’s better engagement, it’s the granular across all branches unleashing this to say this is an important element to increase the penetration. A penetration is — we have grown 30%, but still it’s about — up by 50 basis points, right? We have a long way to go to increase that penetration. We will be relentless in getting that full relationship of the customer through this.
I gave you one or two examples of what we’re trying to drive this.
Manish Shukla — Axis Capital Limited — Analyst
Understood. Very clear. My last question, what are the milestones and timelines with respect to the merger now?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
With respect to the merger, if you see, 28th or so, we had the NCLT order that we got. We’ve made the application to SEBI as it relates to the change in promoter and giving notices to mutual fund holders. So we’ve gone to SEBI to get their permission. We’ve also gone to IRDAI from a change of promoter on the insurance side. So, we are awaiting what they need to come back and give us not to go. That’s one, right? And then once all of this is there, then we circle back with RBI to take it to the final stages. We think from a timing point of view, it is June, July, if possibly July is where we think the time frame is, as we speak, given where we are on various things.
Manish Shukla — Axis Capital Limited — Analyst
All right. Okay. Thank you. Thank you for answering my questions. That’s all.
Operator
Thank you. The question after this will be the last question due to paucity of time. The next question is from the line of M.B. Mahesh from Kotak Securities. Please go ahead.
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
Yeah. Good afternoon. Just two questions from my side. One is, in your expectations, looking at the current deposit rates, how does the cost of funds move in your balance sheet over the next few quarters?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay. So, with the current deposit mix, the cost of funds will start to inch up as the 30% growth that we have had in time deposit in the recent quarter starts to fully come in, right? So the cost of funds will go up only because of the mix of deposits, not because of the rates. And similarly, the yield on assets also needs to go up. That is part of how we are pricing to say that we need to realize. So, again, within the narrow band, lead lag effect happens, 5 basis points, 10 basis points can change in any time — any quarter. But, again, we operate in that narrow — as I told you, the modified duration is quite matched on 0.2 or so on both sides.
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
Okay. Srini, the question was, we looked at about 20-odd basis points increase sequentially and also in the previous quarter, that’s a quite a good performance. So that’s why we’re just trying to understand as to whether this 20 moves closer to 30, 40, or is it a number closer to the current range?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
I don’t want to venture into giving a forward-looking to say what sort of a volume and mix will come as we go into the April to June quarter. But, again, it operates within that range, narrow range or margin is 4.1%, plus/minus 5 basis points, 10 basis points, that’s where it operates.
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
Okay. The second question, Srini, if I look at the fee income line, the growth in retail asset-driven fees, as well as when you look at the cost side, the DSA-related fees, both of them seems to have slowed down or has grown very slowly. Is it any indication of the situation on the ground, or you think that the volumes still is quite impressive when you look at the retail businesses?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. No, it is not something indication on the ground. We do see a good amount of demand, I think, alluded to in terms of the customer preferences, in terms of higher value chain type of products, that is what we see. The example I gave you was the SUV, MPV type, right, or a higher horsepower two-wheeler type. Those are — or, for that matter, a 5G phone rather than a normal phone. So, these are some of those things that are happening in the market where people are — and also the producers, the manufacturers are also looking at high-value, high-margin type of products. So, it is not some — we see a good amount of demand that is there. So it is — for us, it has to pass through our credit filters and then we are there to take it.
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
So, in your sense, that there is no slowdown in demand at least at this point of time?
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Nothing material from that sense that — it is about the customer segment, that’s all. And I can tell you, even our subsidiary customer segment, which is a couple of notches below the bank segment, has also shown enormous traction in terms of the disbursals and volume growth there.
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
One final clarification, there was a recent RBI guideline on [Technical Issues] that one can charge on the various fee income lines. How comfortable are you with respect to that guideline? It’s still a white paper, just trying to understand your perspective about the same.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
On the penal charges, right? Yeah.
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
Absolutely.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
No. I think, within reason we operate, some minor things can happen, but then, again, the penal charges are in the direction of where we would like to operate and where some minor things we need to true up, we will do, but it is within our realm of how we are operating.
M.B. Mahesh — Kotak Securities — Analyst
Perfect. Good. Thanks a lot, sir.
Operator
Thank you.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan for any closing comments.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Okay. Thank you. Thank you all for joining us today. We’ll continue to be available over the next several days. And if anything else that you’d like to know more, we’d be happy to engage and talk. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you.
Srinivasan Vaidyanathan — Chief Financial Officer
Have a great evening. Bye-bye.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]